It is very unlikely to appreciate the cultures and achievements of the Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, and Arabs, with no understanding anything in their know-how. Rome, for instance, made advances in lots of components that have been as a result misplaced and never regained for greater than a millenium. this can be a an expert but lucid account of the glorious triumphs and the restrictions of historic and medieval engineering. This e-book systematically describes what's recognized in regards to the evolution of irrigation works, dams, bridges, roads, development building, water and wind strength, automata, and clocks, with references to the social, geographical, and highbrow context.
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Additional resources for A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
F. Smith, ‘Attitudes to Roman Engineering and the query of the Inverted Siphon’, in heritage of expertise, eds. A. Rupert corridor and Norman Smith, Mansell, London, vol. 1 (1976), pp. 45–71. forty four. Ibid. , p. fifty nine. forty five. Vitruvius, De Architectura, vol. 2, bk VIII, Ch. 6. forty six. Frontinus, Aqueducts, bk II, chs. 65–89. forty seven. Ibid. , chs. 119–30. forty eight. Claude Cahen, ‘Le carrier de l’irrigation en Iraq au début du XIe siècle’ in Bulletin d’études orientates, vol. thirteen (1949–51), pp. 117–43. ninety six 49. See notice 17. 50. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain, p. seventy one. fifty one. Al-Muqaddasī, Ahsān al-tāqasīm, p. 357. fifty two. Ibn Hawqal, Kitāb Sūrat, pp. 435–6. fifty three. Ibn Jubayr, Rihla, pp. 54–5; Al-Idrīsī, p. one hundred forty four Arabic/p. 173 Fr. see additionally ok. A. C. Creswell, a brief Account of Early Muslim structure (Penguin Books, London, 1958), pp. 292–6. fifty four. Al-Istakhrī, Kitāb al-masālik, p. 177. fifty five. Ibn Jubayr, Rihla, p. 288. fifty six. Ibn al-Ukhuwwa, Ma‘alim al-qurba fī ahkām al-hisba, ed. R. Levy, Arabic textwith abridged English trans. (Gibb Memorial sequence, London, New sequence, 1938), pp. 149 ff. fifty seven. Al-Istakhrī, Kitāb al-masālik, pp. 44–5. fifty eight. Cresswell, Early Muslim structure, pp. 291–2. ninety seven 3 Dams layout and building Hydraulic platforms might be meant for water provide, irrigation or hydro-power, or any blend of those 3. this can be as real of early instances because it is at the present time, however the 3 sorts of process weren't brought concurrently. Engineering equipment have been utilized to irrigation structures on the sunrise of civilisation, to water offer by means of the 7th century BC, and to hydro-power by way of in regards to the first century BC, even though for the final case we haven't any enterprise relationship. Dams are required in so much hydraulic platforms, no matter what their function, however the services of dams fluctuate. In wadi irrigation, as we've seen, they're used to catch the floodwaters that consequence from heavy yet rare downpours, in order that the water-level is raised above that of the encircling fields, to which it will probably then be performed lower than gravity. For perennial irrigation dams are used to divert water from streams or rivers into the canal community. The impounding of rivers at the back of dams offers extra regulate over the provision all year long. As with wadi irrigation, it additionally permits the water within the reservoir to be gravity-fed into irrigation and city offer platforms. one more virtue, if the water is for use for hydro-power, is that there's a excessive, relatively consistent head of water, which might now not be the case if the river have been unregulated. ninety eight There are uncomplicated varieties of dam — gravity and arch. the 1st, as its identify implies, depends the burden of the dam to resist the strain of the water. Gravity dams can fail at any part by means of slippage or overturning, if the thrust of the water overcomes the shear and frictional resistance at that part. Failure may also ensue if the scouring motion of the water undermines the principles. With gravity dams, it is very important hold the road of thrust (the resultant of the strain of the water and the load of the dam) contained in the ‘middle 3rd’ of the cross-section, that's, the center 3rd with the road connecting the centres of gravity of the sections as its centre-line.