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Additional info for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change
Three 2. 2 three. four × × × × × × -16 10 10 -16 10 -16 10 -15 10 -15 10 -15 jo2, s-1 1 × 10 -11 2 × 10 -11 6 × 10 -11 2 × 10 -10 five × 10 -10 eight × 10 -10 jo3, h s-1 -3 zero. 7 × 10 zero. 7 × 10 - three 1. 2 × 10 -3 1. 6 × 10 - three 1. nine × 10 -3 6 × 10 -3 ~ 1400 ~ six hundred ~160 ~ forty ~ 12 ~3 back, we warning that isn't the total life of an O3 molecule; fairly, this volume is the attribute time required for the Chapman mechanism to accomplish a steady-state stability after a few perturbation. while is brief relative to different 148 CHEMISTRY OF THE STRATOSPHERE desk five. 2 Chemical households in Stratospheric Chemistry image identify parts Ox NOx NOy unusual oxygen Nitrogen oxides Oxidized nitrogen HOx Cly Hydrogen radicals Inorganic chlorine ClOx CCly Reactive chlorine natural chlorine Bry Inorganic bromine O + O3 NO + NO2 NO + NO2 + HNO3 + 2N2O5 + ClONO2 + NO three + HOONO2 + BrONO2 OH + HO2 Sum of all chlorine-containing species that lack a carbon atom (Cl + 2C12 + ClO + OClO + 2Cl2O2 + HOCl + ClONO2 + HCl + BrCl) Cl + ClO CF2Cl2 + CFCl3 + CCl4 + CH3CCl3 + CFCl2CF2Cl (CFC - 113) + CF2HCl(CFC - 22) Sum of all bromine-containing species that lack a carbon atom (Br + BrO + HOBr + BrONO2) stratospheric tactics, it may be assumed that the neighborhood O3 focus obeys the regular kingdom, (5. 12)—(5. 14). whilst τsso3 is comparatively lengthy, the Chapman mechanism doesn't truly reach a gentle kingdom. We see that above ~ 30 km, [O three ] might be assumed to be in an area regular kingdom. At those altitudes the O3 focus over a 12 months is ruled through the seasonal cycle of creation and loss phrases. eventually, the Ox chemical relations is the 1st of a few chemical households which are im portant in stratospheric chemistry. desk five. 2 summarizes chemical households vital in stratospheric chemistry. As we continue via this bankruptcy, every one of those households will emerge. determine five. three exhibits the ozone distribution within the stratosphere. be aware that the areas of optimum ozone focus don't coincide with the positioning of the top price of determine five. three Zonally averaged ozone focus (in devices of 1012 molecules cm -3 ) as a func tion of altitude, March 22 (Johnston 1975). Ozone focus on the equator peaks at an altitude of approximately 25 km. Over the poles the site of the utmost is among 15 and 20 km. At altitudes above the ozone bulge, O3 formation is oxygen-limited; under the bulge, O3 formation is photon-limited. CHAPMAN MECHANISM 149 formation of O3. premiums of O3 construction are maximum on the equator and at approximately forty km, altitude, while ozone concentrations height at northern latitudes. Even on the equator, greatest ozone concentrations take place at approximately 25 km in place of forty km, the place the construction fee is maximum. on the poles, greatest O3 creation happens at altitudes even larger than these over the equator, while the utmost O3 concentrations are at decrease altitudes. there's even a north-south asymmetry. determine five. four indicates the old overall column ozone as a functionality of range and time of yr, measured in Dobson devices, ahead of anthropogenic ozone depletion.