By Salo Wittmayer Baron
Original 12 months of publication: 1942
Preface
Jewish communal background in the course of the millennia of diaspora lifestyles has lengthy been the topic of substantial scholarly recognition. the ecu neighborhood of the pre-Emancipation period, specifically, has for many years attracted sleek investigators by means of its a number of awesome positive aspects. Its awesome mixture of non secular and secular authority, its nearly “extraterritorial” prestige and “sovereign” political powers and its overwhelming keep an eye on over its participants have flattered the political objectives of nationally minded sleek Jews, yet antagonized many reformers and anti-segregationists. Philo-Sémites and anti-Semites one of the non-Jews, too, have usually held convinced critiques in regards to the “ghetto” neighborhood. Like their Jewish confreres, despite the fact that, they, too, have usually substituted one or one other bias for trustworthy info and sound reasoning. it's was hoping that this primary try at a complete old and sociological research of the complete communal evolution to the Emancipation period can help to advertise readability, if no longer unanimity of appraisal.
Apart from the standard embarrassment in defining the hugely ambiguous time period “community” — it truly is used right here within the triumphing, organizational feel that's even narrower than that of the German Gemeinde — scholars of communal facets of Jewish background are beset through opposing problems: an severe dearth of fabric for definite components and sessions and a plethora of extant details on different areas and epochs. sleek literature at the topic, too, is inconsistently disbursed and lots more and plenty repetition in a single box is annoyed through approximately overall silence in others. the current writer has made an attempt to keep up the relative proportions of some of the levels of his ramified subject despite this quantitative disparity. within the use of the immense and demanding literature of rabbinic responsa, for instance, he has been guided largely through the significance of the nations or centuries in their provenance. consultant samples from varied parts and sessions have been thought of extra promising than mere focus on works of some notable masters, despite the fact that nice a power the latter could have wielded at the next evolution of Jewish law.
The concentration of this complete paintings is based at the eu neighborhood of the center a long time and early smooth instances, either as a result nice richness and diversity of its historical accomplishments and, genetically, as a result of its intimate linkage to Jewish group existence through the international at the present time. whilst its deep moorings within the historical and contemporaneous jap groups have come to the fore ever extra insistently. in reality, whereas attempting to realize the hidden springs of this phenomenally tenacious evolution, the author came upon himself delving deeper and deeper not just into the vague nation-states of the 1st Exile and the Persian and Hellenistic dispersion, but in addition into the early manifestations of historical Palestinian municipal existence. Many quite unforeseen relationships have laid naked probably the most autochthonous roots of the diaspora group securely ensconced within the ever fertile soil of historical Israel. it's been stumbled on helpful, for this reason, to commit the 1st chapters to a basic define of either the fashionable foreground and the traditional history of the group in dispersion in its awesome historical profession from the Babylonian Exile to the yankee and French Revolutions.
About the Author
Salo W. Baron, who used to be a rabbi, educator, and editor, used to be esteemed as a Jewish historian. A prolific author, Baron was once top recognized for his eighteen-volume paintings A Social and spiritual background of the Jews. He was once ordained a rabbi in 1920 and obtained doctoral levels in philosophy, political technology, and legislation from the collage of Vienna. He later served as a professor of Jewish heritage and literature at Columbia collage for thirty-three years. As a pupil, Baron is credited with broadening and modernizing the historical view of the Jewish event. additionally, he supplied testimony for the prosecution on the trial of Nazi reliable Adolf Eichmann. Baron additionally edited Jewish Social stories and the sequence "A Documentary historical past of yank Jews."
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Additional info for The Jewish Community: Its History and Structure to the American Revolution, Vol. 3
Their impression upon the evolution of Jewish philanthropy, even if, is but to be investigated. 14 Jacob Weil, Responsa, no. 26 and, ordinarily, the assets brought up via Jacob b. Asher in Tur, Y. D. 256 and the commentaries thereon. 15 Baer, Spanien, I, Pt. 1, nos. 351 (1382), 463 (1397: Introd. ), 532 (1425) and the word thereto (1467); Pt. 2, nos. seventy six (1266), 386 ff. (1492); Sancho Saral, El gremio zaragozano; advert. Neubauer, “Zwei Klagelieder,” Israelitische Letterbode, VI (1880–81), 36; reprinted in H. G. Enelow’s variation of Menorat ha-Maor through Israel ibn Al-Nakawa, II, 450 f. sixteen Vogelstein and Rieger, Rom, II, 316 ff. ; S. de B. [H. Sommerhausen], “Les Israélites néerlandais-Réminiscences,” files Israélites, VI (1845), 375 n. 1. Cf. additionally Hildenfinger in REJ, XLI, sixty nine f. , seventy eight ff. (publishing a checklist of the reorganization of a society l’holim in Aries in 1401); Amedeo Revere, “La confraternità israelitica ‘Sovegno’ di Padova,” Israel, XII (1938), 277–86 (on the historical past of a charitable personal loan organization considering that 1713); J. M. Hillesum, “Vereenigingen bij de Portugeesche en Spaansche Joden te Amsterdam in de 17de en 18de eeuw,” Jaarboek van den Vereeniging Amstelodamum, I (1902), 167–83; E. Morpurgo, “Bibliografia della storia degli Ebrei nel Veneto,” Rivista israelitica, VIII (1911), 25 ff. (listing 32 guides of Venetian confraternities); Alexander Marx, “Italienische Statuten,” Zeitschrift für hebräische Bibliographie, XI (1907), 116 ff. ; XV (1911), 143 ff. (describing statutes of varied charitable corporations in Mantua and Venice); Balaban, Zydzi lwowscy, pp. 539 ff. ; Klauzner, Wilno, I, a hundred and twenty ff. ; A. Sulzbach, “Ein adjust Frankfurter Wohltätigkeitsverein,” JJLG, II (1904), 241–66 (on Rodfe Zedakah, with statute of 1786). 17 G. Uhlhorn, Die christliche Liebestätigkeit seit der Reformation, III, 278; Charlotte Koch, Wandlungen der Wohlfahrtspflege im Zeitalter der Aufklärung, pp. 60 ff; Roth, Venice, p. 151; Takkanot me-ha-hebra kadisha de-bikkur holim hadashah . . . Fiorda (Statutes of the Society for the vacationing of the ailing . . . in Fürth). 94 18 THE JEWISH group I, 365 For the biblical and talmudic assets, cf. I Chr. four. 14, 21, 23; Nehem. three. eight; M. Demai, IV, five; Hagigah 9b; B. ok. 21b; B. M. 75a; and different references in I. Benzinger’s Biblische Archäologie, 3d ed. , pp. a hundred and fifty ff. ; Samuel Krauss’s Talmudische Archäologie, II, 249 ff. I. Mendelsohn has made it believable that the Jewish guilds of either Roman Palestine and Babylonia below the Sassanians and the consequent anti-competitive laws had roots in older institutions achieving again to the Hammurabi interval. Cf. his essays stated above, Chap. III, n. 10. For the Graeco-Roman and Byzantine guilds, cf. the Hierapolis inscription quoted by way of Juster, op. cit. , I, 486 n. three; Codex Theod. , XIII, five, 18 (390). Cf. additionally Juster, ibid. , II, 264 f. , 305 ff. ; Franz Poland, Geschichte des griechischen Vereinswesens; J. P. Waltzing, Etude historique sur les organizations professionelles chez les Romains. 19 Edwin Hanson Freshfield, Roman legislation within the later Roman Empire, Byzantine Guilds, Ordinances of Leo VI, in English transl.