By Tony Smith
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Additional info for The Logic of Marx's Capital: Replies to Hegelian Criticisms (S U N Y Series in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences)
After all, it may be the case that alienation is not fundamentally connected to the general capital form, or to capital in the production process. In may be that it is instead connected to the specific phemonema of manufacturing and big industry when these phenomena emerge in any social form of production. In this case the alienation that Marx described would follow from the process of industrialization, and not from the inner nature of capital. Obviously this is no mere theoretical question regarding how different categories should be systematically ordered. Whether one derives "alienation" from the capital form or from industrialization determines one's position on the practical question of working towards an alternative to capitalism. With the former ordering, practical struggles in this direction have a theoretical justification they would lack if alienation is an inevitable byproduct of industrial development within any social form. through opting for the former Marx could be accused of designing his systematic ordering in a fashion that leads to the practical conclusion he wished to obtain. 6 three. Replies to Objection a) The linear ordering From a systematic perspective the move from the formal subjugation of wage labor under capital to its real subsumption in manufacturing and big industry is indeed insufficient. At best it presents an ideal type of the historical development England underwent in the centuries prior to Marx. No argument can establish any logical necessity for this pattern being repeated elsewhere. 7 It is true that Marx did trace this historical picture in great detail. However we cannot conclude from this that he introduced historical considerations in order to substitute them for a systematic progression of economic categories. An alternative reading is that Marx did provide a distinct systematic argument for a categorial derivation, with "manufacturing" and "big industry" providing historical examples of the derived category. The previous category derived in the systematic ordering was "capital as principle of organization. " This category fixes an immediate unity of capital and wage labor at the point of production. Capital unifies different labor processes under one roof in an immediate and direct fashion. Within this structure it is necessarily the case that a tension arises between i) the inherent tendency of capital to maximize surplus value, and ii) a production Page 130 process that has not been transformed to maximize surplus value. If we add to this the power that comes from capital's ownership and control over the various factors of production, we may conclude that it is necessarily the case that a structural tendency emerges for capital to initiate a transformation of the production process. This points beyond unity to difference in a number of ways. For one thing, capital declares its antagonism to any from of labor process it has not transformed. The element of difference also comes to the fore in that capital will seek a transformation that increases surplus value even at the cost of increased exploitation, increased alienation, and the formation of a reserve army of the unemployed, all of which are against the interests of labor.